The main objective of the course is to provide basic knowledge on seismology to understand the generation and effects of earthquakes and the modeling of the propagation of seismic waves in the planet.
Curriculum
scheda docente
materiale didattico
- Presentation of the course, objectives, assessment methods
- Introduction of students, background check
- Brief overview of seismology and its importance
Module 1 – Fundamentals of Seismology
- Definition of earthquake, plate tectonics and deformations.
- Introduction to the stress and strain tensor:
- Main concepts: Traction vector, Cauchy relations.
- Diagonalization of the tensor and main stresses.
- Stress invariants and cubic expansion.
- Applications: Importance to understand the seismic source.
- Relationships between stress and strain:
- Notes on constitutive equations: Generalized Hooke's law.
- Isotropic and homogeneous elastic patterns.
- Magnitude, intensity and seismic energy:
- Differences between seismic scales (Richter, seismic moment, Mw).
- Practical applications: How to calculate magnitude from data
Observed.
- Earth's internal structure and discontinuities:
- Seismic wave method to deduce the internal structure. - Free oscillations of the Earth: - Fundamental modes: Spheroidal and toroidal. - Importance for the global study of Earth dynamics. - Introduction to rheology: 1 - Viscoelastic Maxwell, Kelvin-Voigt and SLS models. - Relationships between time-dependent deformation and creep. - Applications in seismology: Creep analysis in slow tectonic phenomena. Module 2 – Seismic waves and propagation - P and S waves, surface waves (Rayleigh, Love). - Phase speed and group speed. - Peculiarities of particle motion for P and S waves. - Refraction and reflection: Snell's principles. - Anisotropy and attenuation. - Geometric spreading and dispersion of surface waves. - Notes on the wave equation in simple means. - Introduction to velocity models: homogeneous, stratified, anisotropic. - Practical examples: comparison between velocity models and observed data. - Seismic radius theory: fundamental concepts.
- Energy conversion on discontinuities: reflection and transmission coefficients. - Notes on dispersion and dispersion curves. - Introduction to seismic tomography: applications to study the inner Earth. - Examples of global and regional tomography. Module 3 – Seismic Source and Focal Mechanisms - Source parameters: fault length, mean displacement, rupture area. - Seismic moment tensor: calculation and interpretation. - Radiation diagrams for P and S waves: geometry and applications. - Classical focal mechanisms: analysis and graphical representation. - Case studies: analysis of focal mechanisms for recent events. - Implications for active tectonics. - Relationship between seismic moment, magnitude and energy released. - Methods for estimating the seismic moment from observed data. 2 Module 4 – Instrumentation and Seismic Data Analysis - Principles of operation of seismometers: analog and digital. - Characteristics of seismic networks: coverage, resolution. -
- Data processing: acquisition and digitization. - Identification of P, S and surface wave phases: techniques and tools. - Interpretation of seismograms. - Introduction to seismic catalogs and their applications. Module 5 – Localization and Inversion - Classical methods of localization: time curves, triangulation. - Wadati method for estimating origin time. - Inverse methods: mathematical bases and common algorithms. - Applications of reverse localization. - Simplified speed models: their use in localization. - Pre-processing of data for inversion. - Practical examples: localization of regional and global earthquakes. - Introduction to local tomography: techniques and applications. Module 6 – Seismic Hazard and Risk - Basic concepts: hazard, vulnerability, exposure. - Qualitative and quantitative methodologies. - Probabilistic methods for seismic hazard (PSHA): principles and applications.
- Hazard maps: construction and interpretation. - Early warning systems: principles, technologies and limits. - Risk communication strategies to the population. Module 7 – New Technologies and Applications - Introduction to machine learning for the classification of seismic signals. - IoT applications for distributed seismic monitoring. 3 - Citizen science: involvement of the population in data collection.
- Shearer, "Introduction to Seismology".
- Lay & Wallace, "Modern Global Seismology".
- Stein & Wysession, "An Introduction to Seismology, Earthquakes, and Earth
Structure".
- Documentation of ObsPy, SEISAN or similar software.
Programma
Module 0 – Introduction- Presentation of the course, objectives, assessment methods
- Introduction of students, background check
- Brief overview of seismology and its importance
Module 1 – Fundamentals of Seismology
- Definition of earthquake, plate tectonics and deformations.
- Introduction to the stress and strain tensor:
- Main concepts: Traction vector, Cauchy relations.
- Diagonalization of the tensor and main stresses.
- Stress invariants and cubic expansion.
- Applications: Importance to understand the seismic source.
- Relationships between stress and strain:
- Notes on constitutive equations: Generalized Hooke's law.
- Isotropic and homogeneous elastic patterns.
- Magnitude, intensity and seismic energy:
- Differences between seismic scales (Richter, seismic moment, Mw).
- Practical applications: How to calculate magnitude from data
Observed.
- Earth's internal structure and discontinuities:
- Seismic wave method to deduce the internal structure. - Free oscillations of the Earth: - Fundamental modes: Spheroidal and toroidal. - Importance for the global study of Earth dynamics. - Introduction to rheology: 1 - Viscoelastic Maxwell, Kelvin-Voigt and SLS models. - Relationships between time-dependent deformation and creep. - Applications in seismology: Creep analysis in slow tectonic phenomena. Module 2 – Seismic waves and propagation - P and S waves, surface waves (Rayleigh, Love). - Phase speed and group speed. - Peculiarities of particle motion for P and S waves. - Refraction and reflection: Snell's principles. - Anisotropy and attenuation. - Geometric spreading and dispersion of surface waves. - Notes on the wave equation in simple means. - Introduction to velocity models: homogeneous, stratified, anisotropic. - Practical examples: comparison between velocity models and observed data. - Seismic radius theory: fundamental concepts.
- Energy conversion on discontinuities: reflection and transmission coefficients. - Notes on dispersion and dispersion curves. - Introduction to seismic tomography: applications to study the inner Earth. - Examples of global and regional tomography. Module 3 – Seismic Source and Focal Mechanisms - Source parameters: fault length, mean displacement, rupture area. - Seismic moment tensor: calculation and interpretation. - Radiation diagrams for P and S waves: geometry and applications. - Classical focal mechanisms: analysis and graphical representation. - Case studies: analysis of focal mechanisms for recent events. - Implications for active tectonics. - Relationship between seismic moment, magnitude and energy released. - Methods for estimating the seismic moment from observed data. 2 Module 4 – Instrumentation and Seismic Data Analysis - Principles of operation of seismometers: analog and digital. - Characteristics of seismic networks: coverage, resolution. -
- Data processing: acquisition and digitization. - Identification of P, S and surface wave phases: techniques and tools. - Interpretation of seismograms. - Introduction to seismic catalogs and their applications. Module 5 – Localization and Inversion - Classical methods of localization: time curves, triangulation. - Wadati method for estimating origin time. - Inverse methods: mathematical bases and common algorithms. - Applications of reverse localization. - Simplified speed models: their use in localization. - Pre-processing of data for inversion. - Practical examples: localization of regional and global earthquakes. - Introduction to local tomography: techniques and applications. Module 6 – Seismic Hazard and Risk - Basic concepts: hazard, vulnerability, exposure. - Qualitative and quantitative methodologies. - Probabilistic methods for seismic hazard (PSHA): principles and applications.
- Hazard maps: construction and interpretation. - Early warning systems: principles, technologies and limits. - Risk communication strategies to the population. Module 7 – New Technologies and Applications - Introduction to machine learning for the classification of seismic signals. - IoT applications for distributed seismic monitoring. 3 - Citizen science: involvement of the population in data collection.
Testi Adottati
Recommended Texts and References:- Shearer, "Introduction to Seismology".
- Lay & Wallace, "Modern Global Seismology".
- Stein & Wysession, "An Introduction to Seismology, Earthquakes, and Earth
Structure".
- Documentation of ObsPy, SEISAN or similar software.
Modalità Frequenza
attendance at both lectures and practical tests in person is strongly recommendedModalità Valutazione
practical (computer-based) and oral
scheda docente
materiale didattico
- Presentation of the course, objectives, assessment methods
- Introduction of students, background check
- Brief overview of seismology and its importance
Module 1 – Fundamentals of Seismology
- Definition of earthquake, plate tectonics and deformations.
- Introduction to the stress and strain tensor:
- Main concepts: Traction vector, Cauchy relations.
- Diagonalization of the tensor and main stresses.
- Stress invariants and cubic expansion.
- Applications: Importance to understand the seismic source.
- Relationships between stress and strain:
- Notes on constitutive equations: Generalized Hooke's law.
- Isotropic and homogeneous elastic patterns.
- Magnitude, intensity and seismic energy:
- Differences between seismic scales (Richter, seismic moment, Mw).
- Practical applications: How to calculate magnitude from data
Observed.
- Earth's internal structure and discontinuities:
- Seismic wave method to deduce the internal structure. - Free oscillations of the Earth: - Fundamental modes: Spheroidal and toroidal. - Importance for the global study of Earth dynamics. - Introduction to rheology: 1 - Viscoelastic Maxwell, Kelvin-Voigt and SLS models. - Relationships between time-dependent deformation and creep. - Applications in seismology: Creep analysis in slow tectonic phenomena. Module 2 – Seismic waves and propagation - P and S waves, surface waves (Rayleigh, Love). - Phase speed and group speed. - Peculiarities of particle motion for P and S waves. - Refraction and reflection: Snell's principles. - Anisotropy and attenuation. - Geometric spreading and dispersion of surface waves. - Notes on the wave equation in simple means. - Introduction to velocity models: homogeneous, stratified, anisotropic. - Practical examples: comparison between velocity models and observed data. - Seismic radius theory: fundamental concepts.
- Energy conversion on discontinuities: reflection and transmission coefficients. - Notes on dispersion and dispersion curves. - Introduction to seismic tomography: applications to study the inner Earth. - Examples of global and regional tomography. Module 3 – Seismic Source and Focal Mechanisms - Source parameters: fault length, mean displacement, rupture area. - Seismic moment tensor: calculation and interpretation. - Radiation diagrams for P and S waves: geometry and applications. - Classical focal mechanisms: analysis and graphical representation. - Case studies: analysis of focal mechanisms for recent events. - Implications for active tectonics. - Relationship between seismic moment, magnitude and energy released. - Methods for estimating the seismic moment from observed data. 2 Module 4 – Instrumentation and Seismic Data Analysis - Principles of operation of seismometers: analog and digital. - Characteristics of seismic networks: coverage, resolution. -
- Data processing: acquisition and digitization. - Identification of P, S and surface wave phases: techniques and tools. - Interpretation of seismograms. - Introduction to seismic catalogs and their applications. Module 5 – Localization and Inversion - Classical methods of localization: time curves, triangulation. - Wadati method for estimating origin time. - Inverse methods: mathematical bases and common algorithms. - Applications of reverse localization. - Simplified speed models: their use in localization. - Pre-processing of data for inversion. - Practical examples: localization of regional and global earthquakes. - Introduction to local tomography: techniques and applications. Module 6 – Seismic Hazard and Risk - Basic concepts: hazard, vulnerability, exposure. - Qualitative and quantitative methodologies. - Probabilistic methods for seismic hazard (PSHA): principles and applications.
- Hazard maps: construction and interpretation. - Early warning systems: principles, technologies and limits. - Risk communication strategies to the population. Module 7 – New Technologies and Applications - Introduction to machine learning for the classification of seismic signals. - IoT applications for distributed seismic monitoring. 3 - Citizen science: involvement of the population in data collection.
- Shearer, "Introduction to Seismology".
- Lay & Wallace, "Modern Global Seismology".
- Stein & Wysession, "An Introduction to Seismology, Earthquakes, and Earth
Structure".
- Documentation of ObsPy, SEISAN or similar software.
Mutuazione: 20410719 Sismologia generale in Fisica LM-17 BARBA Salvatore
Programma
Module 0 – Introduction- Presentation of the course, objectives, assessment methods
- Introduction of students, background check
- Brief overview of seismology and its importance
Module 1 – Fundamentals of Seismology
- Definition of earthquake, plate tectonics and deformations.
- Introduction to the stress and strain tensor:
- Main concepts: Traction vector, Cauchy relations.
- Diagonalization of the tensor and main stresses.
- Stress invariants and cubic expansion.
- Applications: Importance to understand the seismic source.
- Relationships between stress and strain:
- Notes on constitutive equations: Generalized Hooke's law.
- Isotropic and homogeneous elastic patterns.
- Magnitude, intensity and seismic energy:
- Differences between seismic scales (Richter, seismic moment, Mw).
- Practical applications: How to calculate magnitude from data
Observed.
- Earth's internal structure and discontinuities:
- Seismic wave method to deduce the internal structure. - Free oscillations of the Earth: - Fundamental modes: Spheroidal and toroidal. - Importance for the global study of Earth dynamics. - Introduction to rheology: 1 - Viscoelastic Maxwell, Kelvin-Voigt and SLS models. - Relationships between time-dependent deformation and creep. - Applications in seismology: Creep analysis in slow tectonic phenomena. Module 2 – Seismic waves and propagation - P and S waves, surface waves (Rayleigh, Love). - Phase speed and group speed. - Peculiarities of particle motion for P and S waves. - Refraction and reflection: Snell's principles. - Anisotropy and attenuation. - Geometric spreading and dispersion of surface waves. - Notes on the wave equation in simple means. - Introduction to velocity models: homogeneous, stratified, anisotropic. - Practical examples: comparison between velocity models and observed data. - Seismic radius theory: fundamental concepts.
- Energy conversion on discontinuities: reflection and transmission coefficients. - Notes on dispersion and dispersion curves. - Introduction to seismic tomography: applications to study the inner Earth. - Examples of global and regional tomography. Module 3 – Seismic Source and Focal Mechanisms - Source parameters: fault length, mean displacement, rupture area. - Seismic moment tensor: calculation and interpretation. - Radiation diagrams for P and S waves: geometry and applications. - Classical focal mechanisms: analysis and graphical representation. - Case studies: analysis of focal mechanisms for recent events. - Implications for active tectonics. - Relationship between seismic moment, magnitude and energy released. - Methods for estimating the seismic moment from observed data. 2 Module 4 – Instrumentation and Seismic Data Analysis - Principles of operation of seismometers: analog and digital. - Characteristics of seismic networks: coverage, resolution. -
- Data processing: acquisition and digitization. - Identification of P, S and surface wave phases: techniques and tools. - Interpretation of seismograms. - Introduction to seismic catalogs and their applications. Module 5 – Localization and Inversion - Classical methods of localization: time curves, triangulation. - Wadati method for estimating origin time. - Inverse methods: mathematical bases and common algorithms. - Applications of reverse localization. - Simplified speed models: their use in localization. - Pre-processing of data for inversion. - Practical examples: localization of regional and global earthquakes. - Introduction to local tomography: techniques and applications. Module 6 – Seismic Hazard and Risk - Basic concepts: hazard, vulnerability, exposure. - Qualitative and quantitative methodologies. - Probabilistic methods for seismic hazard (PSHA): principles and applications.
- Hazard maps: construction and interpretation. - Early warning systems: principles, technologies and limits. - Risk communication strategies to the population. Module 7 – New Technologies and Applications - Introduction to machine learning for the classification of seismic signals. - IoT applications for distributed seismic monitoring. 3 - Citizen science: involvement of the population in data collection.
Testi Adottati
Recommended Texts and References:- Shearer, "Introduction to Seismology".
- Lay & Wallace, "Modern Global Seismology".
- Stein & Wysession, "An Introduction to Seismology, Earthquakes, and Earth
Structure".
- Documentation of ObsPy, SEISAN or similar software.
Modalità Frequenza
attendance at both lectures and practical tests in person is strongly recommendedModalità Valutazione
practical (computer-based) and oral